Resumo Justificativa: A terapia hemodinâmica alvo-dirigida (THAD) é uma abordagem focada no uso do débito cardíaco (DC) e parâmetros relacionados, como desfechos para fluidos e medicamentos para aprimorar a perfusão tecidual e o fornecimento de oxigênio. Objetivo primário: determinar os efeitos da THAD sobre as taxas de complicações no pós-operatório. Métodos: Metanálise dos efeitos da THAD em cirurgias não cardíacas de adultos sobre as complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade, com a metodologia PRISMA. Uma busca sistemática foi feita no Medline PubMed, Embase e Biblioteca Cochrane (última atualização, outubro de 2014). Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos clínicos randômicos (ECRs) nos quais a THAD no intraoperatório foi comparada com a terapia convencional de reposição de líquidos em cirurgia não cardíaca. Os critérios de exclusão foram traumatismo e estudos de cirurgia pediátrica e aqueles que usaram cateter de artéria pulmonar. Os desfechos, primário e secundário, foram complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade, respectivamente. Os estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram examinados na íntegra e submetidos à análise quantitativa, análise de subgrupo pré-definido (estratificada por tipo de monitor, terapia e objetivo hemodinâmico) e análise de sensibilidade pré-definida. Resultados: 51 ECRs foram identificados inicialmente, 24 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Cinco ECRs foram adicionados por busca manual, resultando em 29 ECRs para análise final, incluindo 2.654 pacientes. Uma redução significativa das complicações para a THAD (RR: 0,70, IC de 95%: 0,62-0,79, p < 0,001). Nenhuma diminuição significativa na mortalidade foi observada (RR: 0,76, IC de 95%: 0,45-1,28, p = 0,30). Análises de sensibilidade qualitativa confirmaram os principais resultados gerais. Conclusões: THAD no intraoperatório com monitoração minimamente invasiva diminui as complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgia não cardíaca, embora não tenha mostrado uma redução significativa da taxa de mortalidade.

Abstract Background: The goal directed hemodynamic therapy is an approach focused on the use of cardiac output and related parameters as end-points for fluids and drugs to optimize tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Primary aim: To determine the effects of intraoperative goal directed hemodynamic therapy on postoperative complications rates. Methods: A meta-analysis was carried out of the effects of goal directed hemodynamic therapy in adult noncardiac surgery on postoperative complications and mortality using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. A systematic search was performed in Medline PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (last update, October 2014). Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials in which intraoperative goal directed hemodynamic therapy was compared to conventional fluid management in noncardiac surgery. Exclusion criteria were trauma and pediatric surgery studies and that using pulmonary artery catheter. End-points were postoperative complications (primary) and mortality (secondary). Those studies that fulfilled the entry criteria were examined in full and subjected to quantifiable analysis, predefined subgroup analysis (stratified by type of monitor, therapy, and hemodynamic goal), and predefined sensitivity analysis. Results: 51 RCTs were initially identified, 24 fulfilling the inclusion criteria. 5 randomized clinical trials were added by manual search, resulting in 29 randomized clinical trials in the final analysis, including 2654 patients. A significant reduction in complications for goal directed hemodynamic therapy was observed (RR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.79, p < 0.001). No significant decrease in mortality was achieved (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.45-1.28, p = 0.30). Quality sensitive analyses confirmed the main overall results. Conclusions: Intraoperative goal directed hemodynamic therapy with minimally invasive monitoring decreases postoperative complications in noncardiac surgery, although it was not able to show a significant decrease in mortality rate.

Background: Surgery, radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone (RTA) constitute conventional treatment regimes for advanced stages of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the head and neck mucosa. Nevertheless, the results in advanced regional carcinoma (ARC) are disappointing. The chemotherapy - radiotherapy (CHT - RT) association has shown to be superior to RTA in irresectable disease and in resectable disease it could substitute initial surgery as a rescue alternative. Objective: Our objective is to report the response rate and toxicity of concurrent treatment with Gemcitabine and Radiotherapy (GRT) in patients with ARC. In a prospective design, patients with ARC received concurrent GRT; the global, complete and partial response rate as well as toxicity were assessed. Material and Methods: 15 patients were included, 5 women and 10 men, 73% in stage IVa; 13/15 showed a global response (87%), a complete response was observed in 9 cases (60%) (RC) and 2 showed progress. Results: All patients included showed toxicity, the most frequent one was level 4 mucositis in 46%, of this 40% required nutritional support by catheter or gastrostomy. One patient in RC died due to sepsis. None of them suspended treatment. Conclusion: The GRT association offers a complete response rate of 60%; nevertheless morbidity was not insignificant; randomized studies with a larger number of patients will be required to allow us to outline the optimal therapeutic scheme.

Antecedentes: En casos avanzados el tratamiento clásico del carcinoma epidermoide originado en mucosas de cabeza y cuello es cirugía-radioterapia o radioterapia sola (RTS). Sin embargo los resultados en carcinoma localmente avanzado (CLA) son decepcionantes. La asociación quimioterapia-radioterapia (QT-RT) ha demostrado ser superior a RTS en enfermedad irresecable y, en enfermedad resecable podría sustituir a la cirugía inicial y dejarla como rescate. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la tasa de respuesta y la toxicidad del tratamiento concomitante Gemcitabina-Radioterapia (GRT) en pacientes con CLA. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo en el que pacientes con CLA recibieron GRT concomitante; se evaluó la tasa de respuesta global, completa, parcial y la toxicidad. Se incluyeron 15 pacientes, 5 mujeres y 10 hombres, 73% en etapa IVa. Resultados: Trece de 15 pacientes tuvieron respuesta global (87%), en 9(60%) fue completa (RC) y 2 tuvieron progresión. Todos tuvieron toxicidad, la más frecuente fue mucositis grado 4 en 46%; de éstos 40% requirió apoyo nutricio por sonda o gastrostomía. Un paciente en RC murió por sepsis. Ninguno abandonó el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La asociación GRT ofrece tasa de respuesta completa en 60%; sin embargo, la morbilidad no es despreciable; se requieren estudios aleatorizados con mayor número de pacientes que permitan definir el mejor esquema terapéutico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze specimens dispersion in a population of Tarebia granifera and its relationship with the change of morphometric parameters. METHODS: Two samplings by parcels including two types of substrata in opposite aggregation conditions were carried out, and the specimen abundance was compared between both samplings and substrata. The samples were stratified into classes according to shell height and for each of these the coefficient weight/foot-area was calculated and correlated with class size. It was experimentally evaluated whether specimens with a lower foot load had a better persistence in emerged substratum as well as the interaction between two class groups of shell height. RESULTS: The abundance difference between samplings was t=5.874 (p<0.001), and t=10.15 (p<0.001) between emerged rocky and sandy substrata, only under conditions of high aggregation where foot load decreases with the size for higher specimens (r=-0.98, p<0.05). Experimentally, the abundance of specimens of opposed sizes were mutually limited (r=-0.87, p<0.01), waves' height limits the abundance of smaller snails (r=-0.94, p<0.01) but it is tolerated by larger ones (r=0.72, p<0.05), and foot load diminishes with the waves' height (r=-0.93, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Under high aggregation conditions larger specimens emigrate toward substratum of difficult capture by smaller ones, which are limited by the environment's mechanical influence. The decrease of foot load facilitates specimens' dispersion.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la dispersión de los ejemplares de una población de Tarebia granifera y su relación con la modificación de los parámetros morfométricos. METODOS: Se colectó por parcelas incluyendo dos tipos de substratos en condiciones opuestas de agregación y se comparó la abundancia relativa tanto entre muestreos, como entre sustratos. Se delimitaron 7 clases de alto a las cuales se les determinó el coeficiente peso/área del pié, el cual se correlacionó con la talla por clase. Se evaluó experimentalmente si los individuos con menor carga del pié tienen mayor persistencia en substratos emergidos, así como la interacción entre dos grupos de clases de alto. RESULTADOS: La diferencia de la abundancia entre los muestreos fue de t=5.874 (p<0.001) y de t=10.15 (p<0.001) entre el substrato rocoso emergido y el arenoso, sólo en condiciones de alta agregación, en las que la carga del pié de los individuos más grandes se reduce con la talla (r=-0.98, p<0.05). Experimentalmente, la abundancia de los ejemplares de tallas opuestas está mutuamente limitada (r=-0.87, p<0.01), la altura del oleaje limita la abundancia de los ejemplares menores (r=-0.94, p<0.001) siendo tolerada por los mayores (r=0.72, p<0.05). La carga promedio del pie disminuye con la altura del oleaje (r=-0.93, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Con elevada agregación los ejemplares mayores emigran hacia substratos de difícil conquista por los menores, que están limitados por la acción mecánica del medio. La disminución de la carga del pie facilita la dispersión de los individuos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze specimens dispersion in a population of Tarebia granifera and its relationship with the change of morphometric parameters. METHODS: Two samplings by parcels including two types of substrata in opposite aggregation conditions were carried out, and the specimen abundance was compared between both samplings and substrata. The samples were stratified into classes according to shell height and for each of these the coefficient weight/foot-area was calculated and correlated with class size. It was experimentally evaluated whether specimens with a lower foot load had a better persistence in emerged substratum as well as the interaction between two class groups of shell height. RESULTS: The abundance difference between samplings was t=5.874 (p<0.001), and t=10.15 (p<0.001) between emerged rocky and sandy substrata, only under conditions of high aggregation where foot load decreases with the size for higher specimens (r=-0.98, p<0.05). Experimentally, the abundance of specimens of opposed sizes were mutually limited (r=-0.87, p<0.01), waves' height limits the abundance of smaller snails (r=-0.94, p<0.01) but it is tolerated by larger ones (r=0.72, p<0.05), and foot load diminishes with the waves' height (r=-0.93, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Under high aggregation conditions larger specimens emigrate toward substratum of difficult capture by smaller ones, which are limited by the environment's mechanical influence. The decrease of foot load facilitates specimens' dispersion.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la dispersión de los ejemplares de una población de Tarebia granifera y su relación con la modificación de los parámetros morfométricos. METODOS: Se colectó por parcelas incluyendo dos tipos de substratos en condiciones opuestas de agregación y se comparó la abundancia relativa tanto entre muestreos, como entre sustratos. Se delimitaron 7 clases de alto a las cuales se les determinó el coeficiente peso/área del pié, el cual se correlacionó con la talla por clase. Se evaluó experimentalmente si los individuos con menor carga del pié tienen mayor persistencia en substratos emergidos, así como la interacción entre dos grupos de clases de alto. RESULTADOS: La diferencia de la abundancia entre los muestreos fue de t=5.874 (p<0.001) y de t=10.15 (p<0.001) entre el substrato rocoso emergido y el arenoso, sólo en condiciones de alta agregación, en las que la carga del pié de los individuos más grandes se reduce con la talla (r=-0.98, p<0.05). Experimentalmente, la abundancia de los ejemplares de tallas opuestas está mutuamente limitada (r=-0.87, p<0.01), la altura del oleaje limita la abundancia de los ejemplares menores (r=-0.94, p<0.001) siendo tolerada por los mayores (r=0.72, p<0.05). La carga promedio del pie disminuye con la altura del oleaje (r=-0.93, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Con elevada agregación los ejemplares mayores emigran hacia substratos de difícil conquista por los menores, que están limitados por la acción mecánica del medio. La disminución de la carga del pie facilita la dispersión de los individuos.